甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊四季采食量及消化率测定

选择15只甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊,采用链烷法测定四季干物质采食量和牧草消化率,其结果为:每只成年母羊春夏秋冬四季干物质采食量分别为0.85,1.36,1.48和0.75kg·d~(-1),成年母羊每kg代谢体重四季采食量分别为61.72,93.86,93.83和47.99g·(w0.75kg)-1。每只甘肃高山细羊春夏秋冬四季代谢能食入量分别为6.11,13.30,13.99和5.08 MJ·d~(-1);粗蛋白质食入量分别为71.49,212.31,188.26和43.83g·d~(-1);钙食入量分别为2.27,8.22,9.61和2.58g·d~(-1);磷食入量分别为0.94,4.98,5.87和1.01g·d~(-1)。甘肃高山细毛羊成年母羊春夏秋冬四季牧草干物质消化率分别为44.65%,64.02%,57.73%和45.98%,四季牧草粗蛋白质消化率分别为47.40%,62.69%,59.67%和48.05%。     

Seasonal habitat requirements of Lemon Dove (Aplopelia larvata) in coastal forest: camera-trap surveys of a reclusive species

The modification of natural habitats requires behavioural plasticity, which may be challenging for ‘specialist’ species. Quantifying habitat requirements and behavioural responses of specialists to landscape transformation is thus a priority for baseline data to inform conservation practices. Using camera-trap surveys of the forest-dependent Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata in conjunction with detailed microhabitat-scale covariates, we assessed habitat use during two periods in the year: autumn–winter and spring–summer (which largely encompassed peak breeding). We used occupancy modelling of forest-structural covariates to produce models of the probability of occupancy and detection of Lemon Doves in patches of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Forest of South Africa. The average occupancy and detection probability as indicated by the top-performing models was 0.39 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.05, respectively, during autumn–winter, and 0.37 ± 0.08 and 0.25 ± 0.04, respectively, during spring–summer. Although occupancy and probability of detection remained relatively constant between seasons, there was seasonal variation in the influence of individual covariates for both measures. The overall trend of positive influences on Lemon Dove occupancy was that of complex and diverse habitat structures and high plant species richness. The specific covariates that influenced occupancy positively during spring–summer may reflect the ecological requirements for nestling provisioning for both dietary needs and an avoidance of potential disturbance. Thus, while Lemon Doves may be less habitat-specific during autumn–winter, conservation management plans for safeguarding the breeding success of the species are advised to ensure adequate protection of large forest patches with complex and diverse interior structures and minimal disturbance.     

淀山湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾资源量的周年动态变化研究

淀山湖虾类资源以日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)和秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)最为丰富,在淀山湖渔业中占重要地位,也是淀山湖渔民的主要经济来源。根据2010年8月—2011年8月对淀山湖虾类资源的调查结果,对淀山湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾资源量的周年动态变化情况进行研究。结果表明:日本沼虾头胸甲长范围为7.05~47.07 mm,平均值为(22.192±1.650)mm,优势头胸甲长组为15.5~30.5 mm,占82.98%;秀丽白虾头胸甲长范围为9.10~38.7 mm,平均值为(21.221±1.598)mm,优势头胸甲长组为15.5~25.5 mm,占80.49%;日本沼虾资源密度在9月份和5月份两次达到峰值,3月份最低;秀丽白虾资源密度在8月份和4月份两次达到峰值,6月份最低;在空间上,不同湖区日本沼虾和秀丽白虾的资源量波动较大,在春季和冬季,敞水区资源量高于沿岸带,夏季和秋季沿岸带资源量高于敞水区,并且上半段湖区资源量整体高于下半段湖区的资源量。通过本研究为合理管理和有效开发淀山湖虾类资源提供依据,也为渔业主管部门划定增殖放流区域提供参考。     

海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征研究张萍1，2，刘宪斌1，李宝华2，白明2，李彤2，王娟娟2

2009—2013年选取春末、夏中、秋初3个季节对海河干流浮游植物进行连续5年的调查与监测,系统分析了海河干流浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种、优势度、群落结构以及生物多样性组成,探讨其变化趋势和主要原因,运用单因子方差分析（ ANOVA）分别对各年度间密度和生物量进行差异显著性检验,并利用马加利夫（ Margalef）物种丰富度指数对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明：海河干流浮游植物隶属8门92属181种。绿藻门在细胞密度和种类组成上都占绝对优势,其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门。主要优势种为：绿藻门的四尾栅藻、小球藻、卵囊藻、月牙藻和卡德藻;蓝藻门的微囊藻、胶鞘藻、螺旋藻、颤藻和蓝纤维藻;硅藻门的小环藻、菱形藻和舟形藻;隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻和卵形隐藻。海河干流浮游植物密度和生物量整体变化呈逐年下降的趋势。密度以2009年5月最高,为14936.63×104 cells／L,而在2013年5月最低,为493.6×104 cells ／L;生物量峰值为206.82 mg／L,最低值为4.74 mg／L。经ANOVA检验,这两者在各年份间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;五年间,浮游植物群落多样性指数变化不大,基本持平,丰富度指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。海河干流浮游植物多样性指数较低,群落稳定性较差。丰富度指数分析表明,海河干流的水质处于α中污—重污型阶段。     

中国耕地征收的省际差异与失地农民测算研究

城镇化进程所导致的耕地数量剧减和失地农民增加,是当前阶段下中国所面临的一个重要经济社会问题。为探究中国耕地征收的空间差异及其所导致的失地农民群体分布差异,基于省级尺度研究了2005年、2008年和2011年中国耕地征收的省际差异,并在分析各省耕地资源分布差异的基础上,于省级尺度下更精细地测算全国失地农民数量和揭示年新增失地农民分布的省际差异。探讨了影响失地农民规模估算结果的其他因素,包括更精细的尺度上推、违法征地和农村超生人口所导致的低估。针对中国耕地征收和失地农民的空间差异现状,提出应对山东、浙江、福建,以及河南、四川和湖南等经济发达或快速发展诸省区的征地规模进行重点管控的建议。     

全球变暖情景下新疆降水的变化

基于有关水文气象测站的观测资料,对全球变暖背景下新疆降水的时空分布特征、演变趋势与变化原因进行了分析。结果表明:近40年来新疆年降水量总体上呈增加的趋势,并且不同地区降水的区域性差异十分明显。从年代际变化来看,新疆降水从上世纪60年代到80年代中期处于振荡减少阶段,80年中后期以后降水呈振荡增加趋势,且1987年为一个降水突变的拐点;新疆年平均降水量的增加主要应归因于全球变暖所带来的境外输入水汽量的增加。     

Aroma profiles of the curry leaf, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. chemotypes: Variability in north India during the year

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae) is characterized by a large chemical intraspecific variability among the land races. This fact makes it difficult to detect real changes occurring in their essential oil composition during annual cycle. Based on this, variations of essential oil yield and composition in two chemotypes (‘A’ and ‘B’) of M. koenigii were assessed in spring, summer, rainy, autumn and winter seasons under foot hill conditions of northern India. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.15% to 0.18% in chemotype ‘A’, while it varied from 0.12% to 0.14% in chemotype ‘B’. Essential oils of both chemotypes from different seasons were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of fifty-eight constituents representing 93.7-98.8% of chemotype ‘A’ and fifty-six constituents forming 96.1-98.7% of the total composition of chemotype ‘B’ were identified. Chemotype ‘A’ was characterized by higher percentages of α-pinene (34.6-41.9%), sabinene (26.1-36.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.4-5.4%) and terpinen-4-ol (1.5-5.3%), whereas chemotype ‘B’ was dominated by higher amount of α-pinene (52.7-65.3%), β-pinene (10.7-12.9%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.1-10.3%) and limonene (5.1-7.8%). Comparative results showed considerable variations in the essential oil composition of both chemotypes due to season of collection. Present study concluded that the M. koenigii leaves of desired quality may be obtained by selecting suitable chemotype and season.     

茉莉3品种叶肉细胞超微结构的季节变化研究

应用透射电镜对地栽3茉莉品种叶肉细胞超微结构的季节变化进行详细观察和比较研究。结果显示,3茉莉品种春季和秋季叶肉细胞的超微结构完整,但夏季和冬季3茉莉品种叶肉细胞超微结构变化明显且品种间的变化有差异。茉莉遭受高温（夏季）或低温（冬季）胁迫时,叶肉细胞超微结构的变化具有适应意义,但随着胁迫时间的延长,细胞亚显微结构会受伤害。比较研究结果表明,双瓣茉莉比单、多瓣茉莉抗低温和高温能力更强,有细胞超微结构基础,在高温和低温胁迫下,双瓣茉莉细胞超微结构更稳定。     

CALCA 基因遗传变异及其与肉质性状关联分析

旨在分析早胜牛及其杂交牛CALCA基因第4外显子的多态性及其与肉质性状的相关性,发现与肉质性状相关的分子标记,为加快肉牛选育进程提供参考。利用PCR-SSCP 技术对早胜牛、南杂牛、秦杂牛和西杂牛共362个个体的CALCA基因第4外显子进行了遗传变异检测,并运用SPSS 17．0软件对早胜牛（平凉类群）遗传变异与经济性状关联性进行了分析。结果表明,CALCA基因第4外显子存在2个突变位点T3237 A和G3289 A,并检测到AA和AB 2种基因型。相关性分析表明,CALCA基因突变位点与剪切力、眼肌面积、热胴体重和熟肉率显著相关（P＜0．05）,AA基因型个体剪切力、热胴体重和熟肉率显著高于AB基因型个体（ P＜0．05）,而AB基因型个体眼肌面积显著高于AA基因型个体（P＜0．05）,其他性状在各基因型间差异不显著。因此,初步推测CALCA 基因的突变位点可以作为评定早胜牛肉质性状的遗传标记。     

三江源区人工草地中小型土壤动物群落特征及季节变化

为了解三江源区不同建植年限人工草地的中小型土壤动物群落特征及其变化动态,于2012年4-10月以极度退化草地“黑土滩”为对照,利用定位观测方法对其进行了7次调查。结果表明：共捕获各类中小型土壤动物标本4552只,隶属3门、8纲、23目、55科、65属;大类群中蜱螨目（Acarina）占41.39%,线虫类（Nemata）占26.24%,弹尾目（Collembola）占23.77%,其他类群仅占8.60%;中小型土壤动物群落组成与数量均有明显的季节变化,在4-10月均是先上升后下降,在7-8月均达到最高;其Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势度指数和均匀度指数均随着建植年限的增加有显著增加趋势,土壤动物群落结构随着人工草地建植年限的增加愈加稳定,群落稳定性以2000年人工草地最为稳定。